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抑郁性疾患(Depressive disorders)
主条目：抑郁性障碍
重郁症 (Major depressive disorder, MDD), commonly called major depression, unipolar depression, or clinical depression, where a person has two or more major depressive episodes. Depression without periods of mania is sometimes referred to as unipolar depression because the mood remains at one emotional state or "pole".[4] Diagnosticians recognize several subtypes or course specifiers:
非典型抑郁症 (Atypical depression, AD) is characterized by mood reactivity (paradoxical anhedonia) and positivity, significant weight gain or increased appetite ("comfort eating"), excessive sleep or somnolence (hypersomnia), a sensation of heaviness in limbs known as leaden paralysis, and significant social impairment as a consequence of hypersensitivity to perceived interpersonal rejection.[5] Difficulties in measuring this subtype have led to questions of its validity and prevalence.[6]
抑郁型抑郁症(Melancholic depression) is characterized by a loss of pleasure (anhedonia) in most or all activities, a failure of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli, a quality of depressed mood more pronounced than that of grief or loss, a worsening of symptoms in the morning hours, early morning waking, psychomotor retardation, excessive weight loss (not to be confused with anorexia nervosa), or excessive guilt.[7]
精神病性重郁症 (Psychotic major depression, PMD), or simply depression, is the term for a major depressive episode, particularly of melancholic nature, where the patient experiences psychotic symptoms such as delusions or, less commonly, hallucinations. These are most commonly mood-congruent (content coincident with depressive themes).[8]
紧张性抑郁症 (Catatonic depression) is a rare and severe form of major depression involving disturbances of motor behavior and other symptoms. Here the person is mute and almost stuporose, and either immobile or exhibits purposeless or even bizarre movements. Catatonic symptoms also occur in schizophrenia, a manic episode, or be due to neuroleptic malignant syndrome.[9]
产后抑郁症 (Postpartum depression, PPD) is listed as a course specifier in DSM-IV-TR; it refers to the intense, sustained and sometimes disabling depression experienced by women after giving birth. Postpartum depression, which has incidence rate of 10–15%, typically sets in within three months of labor, and lasts as long as three months.[10]
季节性情感疾患 (Seasonal affective disorder, SAD), also known as "winter depression" or "winter blues", is a specifier. Some people have a seasonal pattern, with depressive episodes coming on in the autumn or winter, and resolving in spring. The diagnosis is made if at least two episodes have occurred in colder months with none at other times over a two-year period or longer.[11]
低落性情感性疾患 (Dysthymia，又作低落型抑郁症、精神官能性抑郁症、慢性中度抑郁症) , which is a chronic, different mood disturbance where a person reports a low mood almost daily over a span of at least two years. The symptoms are not as severe as those for major depression, although people with dysthymia are vulnerable to secondary episodes of major depression (sometimes referred to as double depression).[12]
未注明特性之抑郁症 (Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified, DD-NOS) is designated by the code 311 for depressive disorders that are impairing but do not fit any of the officially specified diagnoses. According to the DSM-IV, DD-NOS encompasses "any depressive disorder that does not meet the criteria for a specific disorder." It includes the research diagnoses of recurrent brief depression, and minor depressive disorder listed below.
再发性短期抑郁性疾患 (Recurrent brief depression, RBD), distinguished from major depressive disorder primarily by differences in duration. People with RBD have depressive episodes about once per month, with individual episodes lasting less than two weeks and typically less than 2–3 days. Diagnosis of RBD requires that the episodes occur over the span of at least one year and, in female patients, independently of the menstrual cycle.[13] People with clinical depression can develop RBD, and vice versa, and both illnesses have similar risks.[14]
轻型抑郁症 (Minor Depressive Disorder, 又作轻郁症） or simply minor depression, which refers to a depression that does not meet full criteria for major depression but in which at least two symptoms are present for two weeks